Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg
John Donne, Holy Sonnet XI: 1669

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Jews Subject to English Pogroms 1189
Jewish Pogroms in London, York, etc.: 1189
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Rhetoric was a major tool, in the arts of the Renaissance and Baroque periods. A performative, mute rhetoric that focused in music, dance, pictorial art, architecture. poetry, palace gardens, etc. Linear perspective was discovered, and used by Alberti like a hand gesture. Such a highly persuasive tool could be, and was used politically. Political uses of this new rhetoric by religious groups to attack other religious groups, especially if opposing religious groups were weak. Rhetoric tacens was used to further anti-Semitism, in association with the Holy Inquisition, women were targeted (Witch Trials), Moslems were decimated in Spain and Portugal, Black African slaves, Amerindians viewed as non-human. Rhetoric in the service of Christianity was also (obviously) used to target Christians (Protestant Reformation).

Sonnets and other forms of poetry were also subject to the new rhetoric. Can we find such examples of sonnets used to direct hatred towards innocent groups of people aside from Colonialism?

Almost all Jews were murdered in great pogroms in 1189-1190 in London and York, England. Jews still living in England after 1190 mostly came from Portugal and had to live clandestinely. Do you think any Jew in hiding would choose to draw attention to himself by "spitting" in any one's face, even with good reason? References to myths of the past to create hatreds to encourage violence are then the way of empire?

Sonnets in Service of Christianity

Spit in my face, you Jews, and pierce my side,
Buffet, and scoff, scourge, and crucify me,
For I have sinn'd, and sinne', and only He,
Who could do no iniquity, hath died.
But by my death can not be satisfied
My sins, which pass the Jews' impiety.
They kill'd once an inglorious man, but I
Crucify him daily, being now glorified.
O let me then His strange love still admire ;
Kings pardon, but He bore our punishment ;
And Jacob came clothed in vile harsh attire,
But to supplant, and with gainful intent ;
God clothed Himself in vile man's flesh, that so
He might be weak enough to suffer woe.

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